Cite as 25 I&N Dec. 391 (BIA 2010) Interim Decision #3702
1 The respondent stated that she entered at Brownsville, Texas, rather than Laredo, Texas,
as alleged in the Notice to Appear. The DHS does not dispute the respondent’s statement,
which, in any event, does not affect her removability.
391
Matter of Maria Armida SOSA VENTURA, Respondent
Decided November 23, 2010
U.S. Department of Justice
Executive Office for Immigration Review
Board of Immigration Appeals
(1) A grant of Temporary Protected Status (“TPS”) waives certain grounds of
inadmissibility or deportability solely for the limited purpose of permitting an alien
to remain and work temporarily in the United States for the period of time that TPS
is effective.
(2) It is not proper to terminate an alien’s removal proceedings based on a grant of TPS.
FOR RESPONDENT: Roy K. Petty, Esquire, Dallas, Texas
FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY: Margaret M. Price, Assistant
Chief Counsel
BEFORE: Board Panel: GRANT, MALPHRUS, and MULLANE, Board Members.
MALPHRUS, Board Member:
In a decision dated September 17, 2007, an Immigration Judge found that
the respondent was not properly in removal proceedings and terminated the
proceedings with prejudice. The Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”)
has appealed from that decision. The appeal will be sustained, the proceedings
will be reinstated, and the record will be remanded to the Immigration Judge.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The respondent is a native and citizen of El Salvador. On February 6,
2007, the DHS issued a Notice to Appear (Form I-862), charging that the
respondent is removable under section 212(a)(6)(A)(i) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i) (2006), as an alien who is in the
United States without being admitted. In proceedings before the Immigration
Judge, the respondent admitted the factual allegations in the Notice to Appear,
with the exception of the point of entry.1
During the proceedings, the DHSCite as 25 I&N Dec. 391 (BIA 2010) Interim Decision #3702
2 During the Immigration Judge’s discussion of legal issues with the parties, the respondent
withdrew from the joint request for administrative closure. On appeal, the respondent
contends that the Immigration Judge properly terminated the proceedings but states that
termination should have been without prejudice.
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granted the respondent temporary protected status (“TPS”) under section 244
of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1254a (2006).
Both parties initially requested administrative closure at the master
calendar hearing that was held subsequent to the grant of TPS. However, the
Immigration Judge did not agree with this approach and terminated the
proceedings with prejudice.2
Upon de novo review of the legal issues in this
case, we find that the Immigration Judge erred in determining that the
respondent was not properly in removal proceedings. See 8 C.F.R.
§ 1003.1(d)(3)(ii) (2010); see also Matter of A-S-B-, 24 I&N Dec. 493 (BIA
2008). We will therefore vacate the order terminating the proceedings.
II. ANALYSIS
Section 212(a)(6)(A)(i) of the Act provides that “[a]n alien who is present
in the United States without being admitted or paroled, or who arrives
in the United States at any time or place other than as designated by the
Attorney General, is inadmissible.” The respondent admitted the factual
allegations supporting the charge that she is removable under this section
of the Act. She also admitted on her TPS application that she entered without
inspection. We conclude that the respondent is inadmissible and therefore
subject to removal under section 212(a)(6)(A)(i) of the Act.
The Immigration Judge determined that the grant of TPS rendered the
respondent admissible, or somehow eliminated the charge of inadmissibility,
and, therefore, that she was not properly subject to removal proceedings. The
Act does not provide for such a result. There is nothing in the language of the
statute to indicate that a grant of TPS renders an alien admissible to the
United States. According to section 244(c)(5) of the Act, “Nothing in this
section shall be construed as authorizing an alien to apply for admission to,
or to be admitted to, the United States in order to apply for temporary
protected status under this section.” Moreover, “[d]uring a period in which an
alien is granted temporary protected status . . . the alien shall not be considered
to be permanently residing in the United States under color of law.” Section
244(f)(1) of the Act (emphasis added). Thus, a grant of TPS does not affect
an alien’s admissibility or inadmissibility for purposes of the Immigration and
Nationality Act generally.
On the other hand, an alien’s presence without admission,
or inadmissibility based on that illegal presence, will not preclude a grantCite as 25 I&N Dec. 391 (BIA 2010) Interim Decision #3702
3 We note that 8 C.F.R. § 1244.4(b) refers to section 243(h)(2) of the Act, which is no longer
in effect.
4 Aliens must periodically reregister to maintain their TPS status. See section 244(c)(3)(C)
of the Act. In this case, the respondent was initially granted TPS for 18 months.
5 If TPS was intended to waive removability, there would be no reason for provisions such
as section 244(d)(4) of the Act, which prevents an alien who has been granted TPS from
being detained “on the basis of the alien’s immigration status.”
393
of TPS under most circumstances. The Act permits TPS to be granted despite
an alien’s inadmissibility, but it requires a waiver of the grounds
of inadmissibility in order to qualify for TPS. With certain specified
exceptions, “the Attorney General may waive [the provisions] of section
212(a) [of the Act].” Section 244(c)(2)(A)(ii) of the Act; see also 8 C.F.R.
§ 1244.18(a) (2010). Some grounds of inadmissibility that are not subject
to waiver as a precondition of TPS involve criminal and terrorist activities.
See section 244(c)(2)(A)(iii) of the Act. Similarly, section 244(c)(2)(B)
provides that an alien is ineligible for TPS if he or she has been convicted
of any felony or two or more misdemeanors committed in the United States
or is “described in section 208(b)(2)(A)” of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(2)(A)
(2006), which includes aliens who have been convicted of a particularly
serious crime, have participated in the persecution of others, or are regarded
as a danger to national security. See also 8 C.F.R. § 1244.4 (2010).3
Because the respondent has been granted TPS, her inadmissibility has been
waived for the specific purposes of the TPS statutory scheme. However, the
waiver is a limited one, the purpose of which is to permit certain aliens, such
as the respondent, to remain in the United States with work authorization,
but only for the period of time that TPS is effective. See sections 244(a)(1),
(2), (c)(5) of the Act; 8 C.F.R. § 1244.10(f)(3) (2010); see also United States
v. Flores, 404 F.3d 320, 322-23, 327 (5th Cir. 2005); Designation
of El Salvador Under Temporary Protected Status Program, 66 Fed. Reg.
14,214 (Mar. 9, 2001).4
The waiver therefore only serves to temporarily
protect the respondent from deportation or removal.
The Act specifically states that the Attorney General may grant “temporary
protected status in the United States and shall not remove the alien from the
United States during the period in which such status is in effect.” Section
244(a)(1)(A) of the Act (emphasis added). Thus, the respondent is protected
from execution of a removal order during the time her TPS status is valid, but
she remains removable based on the charge of inadmissibility in the Notice
to Appear.5
Our conclusion is based on the statutory language as a whole and
is supported by the legislative history of TPS. See, e.g., Matter of Avila-Perez,
24 I&N Dec. 78, 83 (BIA 2007) (stating that when statutory language
is unclear, we consider legislative history to help determine congressionalCite as 25 I&N Dec. 391 (BIA 2010) Interim Decision #3702
6 The general TPS statutory scheme set forth in H.R. 2929, the Chinese Temporary Protected
Status Act of 1989, was later enacted with similar language as part of the Immigration Act
of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-649, § 302, 104 Stat. 4978, 5030. However, the specific
designation of Chinese nationals as aliens eligible for TPS, which was proposed in H.R.
2929, was changed to designate nationals of El Salvador in the enacted legislation. Id.
§ 303, 104 Stat. at 5036; see also H.R. Rep. No. 101-955, at 127 (1990) (Conf. Rep.),
reprinted in 1990 U.S.C.A.A.N. 6784, 6792, 1990 WL 201613 (discussing the treatment
of certain nationals of El Salvador, China, and other countries by the Immigration Act
of 1990).
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intent). In discussing the TPS statutory scheme, Congress stated that TPS
“does not create an admissions program. It is designed to protect individuals
already in the United States and gives no alien any right to come te [sic] the
United States.” H.R. Rep. No. 101-245, at 13 (1989), reprinted in 2 Igor I.
Kavass & Bernard D. Reams, Jr., The Immigration Act of 1990: A Legislative
History of Pub. L. No. 101-649, Doc. No. 17, at 13 (1997), available
at http://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Index?collection=leghis (accompanying
the Chinese Temporary Protected Status Act of 1989, H.R. 2929, 101st Cong.
(1989)).6
“The legislation also makes clear that an individual need not
relinquish any other immigration status the individual may have in order
to receive TPS, nor [is the] conferral [of TPS] considered inconsistent with any
other immigration status.” Id. at 14.
The TPS scheme was created to codify and standardize a type of deferral
of deportation called “Extended Voluntary Departure” or “EVD,” which had
existed for decades to address humanitarian concerns. Id. at 9 (“[E]very
Administration since and including that of President Eisenhower has permitted
one or more groups of otherwise deportable aliens to remain temporarily in the
United States out of concern that the forced repatriation of these individuals
could endanger their lives or safety.”). EVD was granted in the discretion
of the Attorney General, upon the recommendation of the Secretary of State.
Id. at 10. It was premised upon the recognition that individuals fleeing
life-threatening natural disasters, such as drought or famine, or “the existence
of a generalized state of violence within a country” did not establish a basis for
claiming persecution and were therefore not entitled to either asylum
or withholding of removal. Id. at 8.
However, EVD was considered an “ad hoc” approach. Id. Congress saw
fit to replace it with a statute that would address the problems that were
inherent in the program at the time, including the lack of transparency and the
inability of the Government to effectuate the deportation of aliens when
appropriate. Id. at 12. Thus, TPS was intended to allow aliens who are
nationals of designated foreign states in certain humanitarian circumstances
to remain in a lawful manner and not be forced to depart the United States
during the period that TPS is effective. Congress clearly did not intendCite as 25 I&N Dec. 391 (BIA 2010) Interim Decision #3702
395
for TPS to create a permanent immigration status in the United States. See
section 244(f)(1) of the Act; see also De Leon-Ochoa v. Att’y Gen. of U.S., 622
F.3d 341, 354 (3d Cir. 2010) (stating that TPS “is designed to temporarily
prevent removal of aliens during extraordinary and temporary conditions that
prevent safe return”).
The Immigration Judge concluded, and the respondent has argued, that
termination of the removal proceedings was appropriate, relying primarily
on United States v. Orellana, 405 F.3d 360 (5th Cir. 2005). However,
we agree with the DHS that Orellana involves a criminal matter that did not
address the issue before us. Specifically, the issue in that case concerned
18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(5)(A), which criminalizes the possession of a firearm
by aliens who are illegally or unlawfully present in the United States. Id.
at 361-62.
The court’s determination in Orellana that an alien in valid TPS status
is not illegally in the United States, and thus was not properly convicted of this
firearms offense, is consistent with the Act and the regulations, as well as the
purpose of TPS as expressed in the legislative history. The court noted that
a grant of TPS allows an alien to remain lawfully in the United States for
a period of time and offers aliens certain benefits, such as the opportunity
to be lawfully employed. According to the court, aliens granted TPS “are not
part of an underground population of persons.” Id. at 368. Thus, the court
reasoned these individuals were not the segment of the population with which
the criminal statute was concerned. Id. Accordingly, the holding in Orellana
relates to the scope of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(5)(A) and not to the proper
disposition of proceedings under the Act when an alien is granted TPS.
We agree with the court in Orellana that “TPS renders an alien’s presence
lawful.” Id. at 364; see also Okpa v. U.S. INS, 266 F.3d 313, 315 (4th Cir.
2001) (“TPS allows an alien to remain in the United States legally. . . .”).
However, as the name indicates, TPS only provides a temporary protection
from removal. Orellana does not contradict our determination that, given the
limitations of TPS, the respondent is properly in removal proceedings.
Although the court noted that the alien’s inadmissibility was implicitly waived,
there is no discussion to refute the fact that such a waiver is a narrow one,
limited to the humanitarian purposes of the TPS provisions of the Act.
United States v. Orellana, 405 F.3d at 363 n.8. Moreover, the court explicitly
stated that removal was precluded only “so long as the registration
is in effect.” Id. at 363-64. In fact, the court noted that the alien in that case
“would ‘revert’ to his original illegal immigration status” once his TPS was
no longer effective. Id. at 366. Nothing in the court’s discussion convinces
us that our determination is not the proper one for the administration
of immigration proceedings.
We also are not persuaded by the respondent’s reliance on Matter
of Rainford, 20 I&N Dec. 598, 599-600 (BIA 1992), and its rejection of theCite as 25 I&N Dec. 391 (BIA 2010) Interim Decision #3702
396
“futility doctrine.” In that case, the Board harmonized the application of the
Act in the context of adjustment of status, essentially to prevent the absurd
result of an alien being eligible for adjustment and admitted, but then
immediately becoming subject to deportation. Id; see also Matter of Briones,
24 I&N Dec. 355, 365 (BIA 2007) (discussing that any contrary interpretation
of adjustment eligibility would render the statutory language of the Act
so contradictory as to lead to an absurd result inconsistent with congressional
intent (citing Demarest v. Manspeaker, 498 U.S. 184, 190-91 (1991))). TPS
is a protection, distinct from adjustment of status or other relief under the Act.
See section 244(b)(5)(B) of the Act (providing that an alien placed in removal
proceedings may assert protection under the TPS statute). Interpreting the
effect of a grant of TPS as we do here is consistent with congressional intent.
For these reasons, we conclude that termination of the respondent’s removal
proceedings was not proper. Accordingly, the appeal of the DHS will
be sustained, the Immigration Judge’s decision will be vacated, and the
removal proceedings against the respondent will be reinstated. The record will
be remanded to the Immigration Judge for further proceedings.
As noted previously, the parties in this case initially agreed
to administrative closure, which “is used to temporarily remove a case from
an Immigration Judge’s calendar or from the Board’s docket.” Matter
of Gutierrez-Lopez, 21 I&N Dec. 479, 480 (BIA 1996). This approach
is consistent with the nature of TPS. On remand, if the respondent does
not want the proceedings to continue, she may request that her case
be administratively closed, which requires agreement of both parties. Id.
However, if the respondent does not make such a request, or does not agree
to administrative closure, the proceedings should continue, and the respondent
should be provided an opportunity to apply for any relief for which she may
be eligible. See Matter of Quintero, 18 I&N Dec. 348, 350 (BIA 1982). If the
proceedings continue and the respondent does not apply, or is not eligible, for
relief from removal, then an order of removal should be entered. See 8 C.F.R.
§ 1240.12 (2010). However, any such removal order could not be executed
during the period in which the respondent’s TPS status is valid. Section
244(a)(1)(A) of the Act.
ORDER: The appeal of the Department of Homeland Security
is sustained, the decision of the Immigration Judge is vacated, and the removal
proceedings against the respondent are reinstated.
FURTHER ORDER: The record is remanded to the Immigration Judge
for further proceedings consistent with the foregoing opinion and for the entry
of a new decision.